I know what many of you must be thinking. "Didn't they like, only wash once a week though?"
No. No they did not. There is in fact no period within our timeline when people did not clean themselves almost daily in some way or another. There have absolutely been periods when the medical establishment advised against bathing (for our purposes, 'washing with water'), but people have generally found effective ways to keep clean, and the Victorian period was probably one of the biggest periods for emphasizing cleanliness, even to the point of what many modern people would see as paranoia.
The 19th century in particular introduced a great number of innovations that led to the explosion of hygienic practices in the public consciousness.
First was the rise in the commercialization of the chemist. The 19th century saw "medicine" change from something you could only get from the doctor to something you could walk into a shop and purchase from a druggist. This had, of course, positive and negative effects (it is estimated that about a third of infants who died in the 19th c. did so because of starvation at the hands of opiates given to them by mothers who were trying to keep them from crying while they were at work), but it was certainly instrumental in making cleanliness accessible (and even affordable) to all levels of society.
Second was disease. Of course, earlier centuries had had disease and famine a-plenty, but with the rise of industrialism and crowded cities and tenements, large-scale epidemics became not only larger in scale but also much more common, almost seasonal. A few major public health incidents like the Soho cholera epidemic of 1854 (and two previous in 1831 and 1848) and the Great Stink of 1858 forced the hand of both government and science to find a solution to the problems of filth and disease that plagued cities.
Caricature from Punch, 1858, showing the diseases spread by the sewage in the Thames.
The former resulted in the discovery of the cause of cholera being contaminated water. Scientist John Snow (yeah) traced the outbreak back to a well on Broad Street that had been built too close to a cesspit and removed the handle to it. While he himself contended that the outbreak might have been on the decline anyways, he did prove that the water from the well was contaminated with cholera- the diapers of a diseased baby had been thrown in the cesspit, and the fecal matter had leaked through. Cesspits were traditionally underneath houses, but this one had been extended when the street was widened several years earlier, forcing the row of houses back. Many families hired special night workers to come collect extra refuse from cesspits that wasn't decomposing quickly enough and throw it in the Thames, which led to the latter event. This, combined with overcrowding that came from the increase of population in London from one to three million from 1800-1850, meant that many families who had previously had the luxury of keeping their cesspits at the end of a long back garden underneath an outhouse now were located basically on top of it. The Great Stink was the culmination of many years' complaints by Londoners, whose knowledge of the Thames' contamination was by no means new:
"Monster Soup commonly called Thames Water" by William Heath (1828)
The Great Stink of 1858 had been brewing (no pun intended) for several years. Prior to the acceptance of germ theory, the main accepted idea of disease proliferation at the time was the miasma theory, or the idea that disease was spread through the air via foul smells that resulted from effluent or the breath of a diseased person, etc. This was not entirely wrong- it was in essence the idea of airborne disease, and those of you who have had the opportunity to smell disease know exactly why this would be a prevalent idea. In 1855, scientist Michael Faraday had done an "opacity test" by dropping pieces of white paper and seeing how far down they could go and still be seen. His conclusion was, in short, that the Thames was no better than any street sewer.
A caricature of Michael Faraday's paper opacity test, Punch, 1855.
The increasing stench of the Thames led the government to pour a mixture of chalk lime, lime chloride, and carbolic acid into the river in 1857. There are many ways to skin a cat, and regardless of what theory you ascribed to, carbolic acid is a very good way to kill Choleric Creepy Crawlies (TM). The smell, however, became so strong in the sweltering summer of 1858 (temperatures reached 118ºF in the sun) that the stench became overpowering for almost all of London, to the point where Parliament had the river-facing curtains covered in lime chloride to hide the smell.
"How Dirty Old Father Thames was whitewashed", depicting the pouring of lime into the Thames, Punch, 1858.
The stench, now so awful that it was noticeable even to higher class families and officials, prompted the acceptance of a scheme by authorities proposed by civil engineer Joseph Bagalzette for a new sewer system that took refuse not to the Thames, but beyond the city into treatment plants. The system was began in 1859, lasted until 1875, and is still in use today. There was never another cholera outbreak in London.
Why did this take so long? As with many things, not much pressure was put on the government until the problem was effecting higher society. People expected the Great Unwashed to be dirty and diseased, regardless of the cause. The very fact that we have the contemporary term "the great unwashed" to refer to the poor in Victorian society, however, tells us how much of a 'must' washing WAS to them. To the Victorians, cleanliness was quite literally next to godliness, and part of the rationale behind the widespread criminalization of poverty was the idea that those who were unclean were morally unfit. This was due in great part to new innovations in medical science which replaced the miasma theory with germ theory. Which is where things get interesting.
You will hear people say how long it took for people to accept germ theory. And if you're talking about the fact that the theory itself has was thrown around as early as 1546, then I'll play ball. But the 19th century proliferation of it catches on a lot faster than I think people give it credit for. In 1850, Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis found that when he and his colleagues washed their hands in lime chloride, the rate of puerperal fever in their patients reduced dramatically. You will hear that Dr. Semmelweis had a hard time convincing the scientific community to wash their hands, but people were only too happy to do so when Florence Nightingale implemented the practice in Crimean hospitals only four years later. Louis Pasteur conducted his airtight food experiment (proving that food not exposed to air would not rot) in the early 1860s, carbolic acid was used to sterilize operating theatres and wounds in 1865, and bacteria was officially assigned to different diseases by Robert Koch in 1879. I've seen history textbooks say that germ theory wasn't accepted until the late 1890s, and I think that's ridiculous. Here's why-
Germ theory, to quote social historian Ruth Goodman, "changed everything and nothing". Hygiene practices under miasma theory dictated cleaning the same things that germ theory did- a body that did not smell was a body that was washed, you still had to keep cesspits clean, you still had to keep a sick person's room immaculate. However- and here we reach our point- you didn't just have to keep things clean to the point of not smelling bad, you had to keep them clean to the point of smelling sterile. If germs were everywhere, you couldn't just wash them away, you had to kill them. The Victorians took this to heart and ran with it full force, and I don't think it took them half as long as the 1890s. The main instrument of the Victorian hygienic sword was carbolic soap. Made from the phenol out of coal tar, carbolic acid could kill bacteria and was sold in the form of soap. I have seen advertisements for carbolic soap as early as the 1850s, and advice pamphlets for ladies hiring domestic help in the 1860s advise that a good, reliable, clean maid should have the smell of carbolic soap about her person from regular washing. I don't think this is any surprise- in a world so prone to disease, I think even if I'd thought germ theory was bunk, I'd have covered all my bases in any attempt to reduce my risk of a horrible, vomit-and-diarrhea-induced death. These people weren't fools, and if all it took was a bar of carbolic to take preventative measures, I'd have been all in.
Yes yes, enough with the pontification and the history lesson- what about the process?
Materials
First, you need a washstand. This is almost exactly the same to the one I have (part of which you can see in my picture of the lavender water I made) :
Most washstands have at least room for a bowl- most have a place beneath or next to the bowl for a pitcher, and some even have a mirror. Like this one, mine also has room for two towels on either side and two candle holders. The mirror is adjustable and can be moved back and forth to adjust to the height of the person using it. You can't see it, but behind the washbowl and under the mirror there's a small crescent-shaped platform for holding soaps, etc.
You will also need an additional bucket for when you change water. For the washbowl and pitcher, you can use porcelain if you have it- enamel is also period and would have been a more economical choice. You will also need a towel of some variety- I tend to like to use two, one for the main wash and one for areas with more dirt or sweat (underarms, groin, etc.).
Most Victorian manuals advise using rainwater instead of hard water when it can be got, but I live in Southern California and it can hardly ever be got so readily as it might be in England! When I can, I do like to use rosemary water- as a slight astringent, this works well to remove oils. Pour boiling water over rosemary into your bowl; when it cools, strain the rosemary and use. This works well for hair, as well.
A Brief Discussion on Soaps
The Victorians had several soaps for several purposes. Soap with which to launder clothing was usually some kind of lye soap- soap for washing the personage could contain lye, and often contained rosemary or lavender, too. Lavender soap, water, oil, and tussie mussies were all enormously popular.
Carbolic soap was generally used for disinfecting or getting something quite clean, but it was advertised for being able to clean houses, breakouts on the skin, and even (in one advertisement) dogs. Most Victorians at one point, even if just for spring cleaning, went over everything with carbolic. Even those individuals who grew up before the 1970s should remember carbolic soap being used, even if just in school (having your mouth washed out with soap is
considerably more unpleasant with carbolic than Dove- kids don't know how good they have it these days!). While often bleached, the phenol in carbolic soap renders it a bright red color. Carbolic soap today can be difficult to find in a pure form- even the oldest manufacturers of "coal tar soap" now only make their soap with the
scent of carbolic acid, not the actual product. This is because carbolic soap can be quite harsh on the hands if used very often, so be sure if you use it to rinse your hands very thoroughly. You can buy real carbolic soap containing carbolic acid
here.
Warning: If you have never smelled carbolic soap, do not expect that "added scent" they add to try to cover up the smell to work even remotely well. When I order mine, even the package smells as if someone had posted me a burning tire. This stuff is made of coal tar, and it very much smells like it. That said, generations of using the soap has led to the scent being associated with cleanliness. While that may be changing with a generation whose parents weren't raised with carbolic, just ask someone who grew up with it and they will agree!
Procedure
First, you fill up the bowl with some water from the pitcher. This water should be boiling- Victorian soap will not dissolve in cold water. If you have rosemary in the bowl, you'll need the hot water over it- if you're using soap, you need to either shave some into the bowl, or shave some onto the towel and lather it in while the water is still hot.
Attend to other activities like brushing your hair, etc. Victorian advice prompted the brushing of hair to redistribute oils lost in washing, so one combed out tangles and then brushed hair with bristle brushes. This is remarkably effective, and throughout the 16th-18th c. was almost entirely the method of keeping hair clean, combined with powder that acts like dry shampoo. By the 1840s, it was advisable that the hair be washed once a week, with any more being considered too harsh for the scalp. This was certainly true then with more caustic soaps- it remains true today if for no other reason than skin that is washed of oils very often will overproduce them to compensate. You can also brush your teeth- various tooth powders were available at the time. Just dip your brush into the pitcher, dab it in tooth powder, brush, and spit into your bucket.
Once the water has cooled (if it's early or cold, you might want it warmer- it's been very hot here recently so I use the fact that I have very thick hair to let the water get quite cool), take your towel and wash your entirety thoroughly. By the time you are done, the water will be quite dirty. Pour it from the bowl into your dirty water bucket. Refill your bowl with the rest of the water from your pitcher- use the clean water to rinse yourself off with the towel. I find that getting the remnants of the soap out of the towel is easiest if you put the towel in the bowl and pour the rinse water over it. There probably won't be much left on it anyways, and if there is this gives you the opportunity to change the bowl again before getting a clean bowl of rinse water.
There are a few additional advantages to this process that go beyond just cleanliness, though!
I'll be the first to admit it- I hate showers. I like being in the shower- I'm that special brand of time waster that spends nothing short of 45 minutes in there. And I love feeing clean after the shower. But I hate being cold and wet when I get out, I hate having water fall down on me and the subsequent juggling act I have to perform with the hose to avoid it, I hate adding to the water bill, I hate getting the obnoxious shout of "you know there's a drought!!!" fifteen minutes into said shower, and I hate getting into a hot shower on a hot day (but of course you can't take a COLD shower because then you're freezing). Baths would be an impractical replacement, but I've found that Victorian washing is actually ideal.
It takes all of ten minutes, tops. It can be nice and warm but because the water isn't falling around you there's nothing to compel you to sit there and enjoy that for hours. You're not soaking wet so you're never too cold, and most Victorians bathed in the morning with their nightclothes on in any case, going bit by bit and still staying warm. I find I'm actually much more thorough when I wash this way- you don't have the torrent of water giving you a false sense of cleanliness, so you really have to scrub. The best part is though that I can empty the dirty water out into the garden, and all told, it uses maybe five gallons of water at the very most. Even if you live in an area that gets plenty of rainfall, your water bill won't scorn you for it!
